Rabu, 30 November 2016

How Much Alcohol Should I Buy for a Party?

How Much Alcohol Should I Buy? And Party Drinks Questions Answered

How Much Alcohol Should I Buy?

Whether you’re serving Coke or cocktails at a party, it’s a good idea to have plenty of drinks on hand for your guests. Here’s a good rule of thumb: Plan on two drinks per person for the first hour, then one drink per person per hour after that. For a long party, estimate around five drinks per person.

How Can I Save Money on Booze for My Party?

One of the biggest costs of any party is the alcohol. To keep your booze bill in check, don’t load up on every kind of liquor in the store. Instead, serve a single special cocktail. Be creative! You can serve mojitos in August, and a delicious mulled wine come December. Not only will it reduce your expenses, but you’ll also set the tone for the party, creating a more memorable experience for your guests!

What Temperature Should Beer Be Served At?

Premium lagers should be served between 42°F and 48°F and ales between 44°F and 52°F, so don’t let them get too cold.

See Also: Beer Pairings for Fall Comfort Foods

What Should I Do If I Don’t Have a Cooler?

If you don’t have a cooler, use one of these cooler alternatives instead.

What Are Some Easy, DIY Drink Tags?

Want a fun and easy way to tell your guests’ drinks apart? Instead of buying drink tags, which label whose drink is whose, simply have a dry-erase or child’s marker on-hand and have guests write their names (or a funny message) right on their glass. It will wipe right off after the party. Or, put the sudden end of your child’s Silly Bandz obsession to good use by putting the fun rubberbands around the stems of wine glasses so your guests can tell whose are whose. Or, if your party takes place around a holiday, use plastic decals that you’d usually use as window decorations!

How Do I Hand Out Drinks without Spilling Them?

We love anything that gives us more time to talk to our company and cuts down on hosting duties during a party. One simple way to hand out drinks—use muffin trays instead of flat trays. You can easily carry two dozen glasses without breaking a sweat and even younger family members will be able to help.

For more food and drink tips from all over the internet, check out our In the Kitchen Pinterest board. And don't forget to sign up for our newsletter and follow us on Facebook and Instagram!

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How to Save Money on Your Heating Bill

How to Save Money on Your Heating Bill

Radiator Hack

If you use radiator heat, make them work harder without spending an extra cent. Wrap a very large piece of corrugated cardboard in aluminum foil (shiny side out), and place it behind your free-standing radiator. The foil will reflect the heat, and make the room warmer.

Stuffed Animal Draft Dodgers

Do your kids have lots of stuffed animals? This winter, put those they play with less often to good use: Line them up in front of their bedroom windows to prevent drafts from coming in underneath.

See Also: 5 Ways to Take Care of Your Home During Winter

Keep It Humid

It’s true that it’s not the heat that makes you feel warm, it’s the humidity. Humid air feels warmer than dry air, so in the winter, instead of cranking the heat, run a humidifier. This allows you to turn down the heat, save energy, and still feel comfortable. Live, leafy plants also help raise humidity levels.

A Ceiling Fan Can Keep You Warm Too

Don’t let your fan go to waste just because it’s no longer warm outside. To stay toasty during the frigid days of winter, hit the reverse switch to push hot air down into your room.

Plug Up Leaks

According to the Environmental Protection Agency, a well sealed home can be up to 20 percent more energy efficient. Most leaks occur in the basement or attic—look where you feel a draft or around wiring holes, plumbing vents, ducts, and basement rim joints. You’ll be able to seal lots of leaks with a simple caulking gun, but for instructions on how to plug larger holes, check out this guide at EnergyStar.gov.

Lock Your Windows

In the winter, don’t just keep windows closed, make sure they’re locked for the tightest possible seal. This could greatly reduce drafts.

Winterize Your Door

If you have a sliding glass door that’s rarely used during the winter, seal the top, bottom, and sides with duct tape to keep cold air from coming in. Or, cut the sleeve off an old sweater or sweatshirt, then fill it with uncooked rice and knot the ends. Place in front of drafty doors and the rice will absorb the cold!

See also: Your Fall/Winter Home Maintenance Checklist

Dust Buster

Make sure to vacuum your heating and air conditioning vents regularly. When they get caked up with dust your furnace or air conditioner has to work much harder! For the best energy efficiency, make sure to keep them dust-free.

Close Some Vents

Close the heating and air-conditioning vents in rooms in your home you don’t frequently use, like a guest room or laundry room. If your vents don’t have closures, simply seal them off with duct tape.

Slow and Steady with the Thermostat

When it’s time to turn on the heat, be patient. Your house won’t heat up any faster if you crank the thermostat way up, but you are likely to forget to turn it down, which can be a huge energy waster.

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What Is a Trust and Who Needs One? Expert Attorney Gives Advice

What Is a Trust and Who Needs One? Expert Attorney Gives AdviceMany people have heard of trusts but don’t really know what they are or who needs one.  

In a nutshell, a trust is a fiduciary relationship where the creator or trustor gives another party, the trustee, the right to own and manage assets for the benefit of a third party, the beneficiary.

You create the rules on how the trust will operate and when the beneficiary can have access to the assets held in the trust. You can even appoint yourself as the trustee and have multiple beneficiaries, such as family members or charities.

If a trust is revocable, you can change the rules at any time. But if it’s irrevocable, you can’t. I know, it’s a complex topic.

If you answer “yes” to any of the following questions, creating a trust may be right for your situation:

  1. Do you have a family member with a disability who may need future financial help after your death?
  2. Do you have heirs who you believe would not manage an inheritance responsibly? 
  3. Do you have children and believe that your spouse would remarry after your death? 
  4. Do you want to be sure that your assets go directly to your heirs right away and avoid the public probate process? 
  5. Would you like a charity or grandchildren to receive your assets once you’re gone?

To help break down the topic of trusts with simple language and examples, I interviewed Jules Haas, a New York attorney with more than 30 years of experience in matters that include trusts, estate planning, estate litigation, probate, guardianship, and real estate.

[Listen to the interview using the audio player in the upper right sidebar of this page or on iTunes, SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Spotify]

Even though thinking about death and what may happen to your loved-ones after you’re gone is a heavy issue, I think you’ll take away some important information from our conversation. We cover:

  • The difference between a will and a trust—and are they just for wealthy people? 
  • Common estate planning mistakes you should avoid 
  • Special considerations for couples who are not married 
  • Types of trusts that average people benefit from the most 
  • Key legal documents that every adult should have and whether you can use templates 
  • When an account beneficiary supersedes information in a will 
  • How to find a great estate planning attorney

The bottom line is that you owe it to your significant other, spouse, children, and any other close family members to have your legal affairs in order. It might be one of the best gifts you can leave behind.

The bottom line is that you owe it to your significant other, spouse, children, and any other close family members to have your legal affairs in order. It might be one of the best gifts you can leave behind.

But if you haven’t made necessary arrangements, your death could be a major financial burden on your family. I hope this expert interview will be a wake-up call to everyone who doesn’t have a will or other critical documents that we discuss.

I know it takes time and money to set up these documents. But once it’s done, it’s done! You’ll have so much peace of mind that you’re finally protecting yourself and your family the right way.

If you haven't already set up necessary legal documents, I challenge you not to let another month go by without getting your affairs in order!

See also: How to Find the Best Financial Advisor or Expert

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Selasa, 29 November 2016

Tips for Baking with Alternative Grains

“Ancient” Grains and Other Alternative Wheat Varieties

Why the quotation marks around the word “ancient”? Well, it turns out that there’s not much evidence in science, botany, or history to suggest that what are being called ancient grains have actually been cultivated for longer than ordinary wheat. The first known cultivation of wheat coincides with the start of recorded history—which is as far back as you can go. All wheat varieties have ancient origins, but some of them didn’t have a high yield or didn’t store or travel well, so they haven’t been widely cultivated for a long time. They’re delicious and subtly different from standard wheat. All of these wheat varieties have gluten (though often they have less), so they’re not for people with celiac disease.

Spelt flour: A variety of wheat that is high in protein, but slightly lower in glu- ten than standard wheat. It has a delicious flavor, and is noticeably less bitter than regular whole wheat. Look for whole grain varieties.

Emmer flour: Closely related to spelt, emmer is another lesser-known wheat variant. Confusing the picture is that both grains are sometimes called farro, especially when left in whole-kernel form and served as a side dish like rice. But emmer is higher in protein than spelt, and some of our diabetic readers are using it in the hope that it might be slower to raise blood sugar than other wheats (the jury is still out on that one). The germ and bran make up a larger portion of the emmer grain than they do in spelt, and while this is a very nutritious package, it can create a dense bread if used in high proportion in recipes. We’ve found a whole grain version in the U.S., grown by Bluebird Grain Farms.

Kamut (khorasan) flour: Strictly speaking, this wheat variety should be called by its generic name, khorasan, but most bakers have heard of it by its registered trademark, Kamut, which is the name owned by the company that has successfully marketed it. We tested with an organic version from Bob’s Red Mill. It’s less bitter than ordinary whole wheat, and it bakes up with a lighter color. Of all the whole wheat flours we’ve tested, this makes the closest approximation of white bread that we’ve experienced.

Sprouted wheat flour: You’ll hear health claims about sprouted wheat flour, made from wheat kernels that are allowed to sprout before being kiln-dried and ground. The newly formed wheat plant begins to digest some of the starch and gluten in the wheat kernel, and that has prompted the health claims—in theory, this means a lower-carbohydrate and lower-gluten flour. While we don’t think there’s convincing medical evidence to support any health claims here, and we don’t know whether the decreases in carbs or gluten have health significance, what we can tell you is that this flour makes a delicious and very moist whole wheat bread—in fact, the moistest we’ve ever baked. If whole grains have turned you off because the results seem dry, this is the flour for you. We tested with an organic version from Arrow- head Mills, and natural food co-ops are your best bet to find it in a store rather than online. Be sure to fully bake bread made with this flour, or you may find it gummy.

GLUTEN-FREE  GRAINS

Double-check with your doctor before consuming any new grain if you are al- lergic or intolerant of wheat or wheat gluten—all wheats and wheat variants contain gluten. We use some gluten-free ingredients listed below in wheat-based breads throughout the book, but those recipes are not gluten-free overall and can’t be eaten by celiacs. We tested our gluten-free recipes using Bob’s Red Mill products, because they’re the only widely distributed gluten-free baking ingredients in U.S. supermarkets. If you swap for a different brand, you’ll probably have to make significant water adjustments. Measuring gluten-free flours: If you measure gluten-free flours by volume, be sure to pack them firmly into the measuring cup (as if you were measuring brown sugar). Otherwise, you’ll get inconsistent results.

Buckwheat: Buckwheat is actually a cousin to the rhubarb plant, and not wheat at all, but its seeds behave and taste like a grain when ground into flour. The unground kernels are called groats. It is high in antioxidants and protein.

Cornmeal and corn masa: Look for whole grain varieties and avoid cornmeal products labeled as “degerminated”; this process strips away the germ, which contains most of the nutrients (though degerminated cornmeal has a longer shelf life). Yellow cornmeal is higher in vitamin A than the white variety. In Latin American cultures, corn is treated with alkali to create masa (also known as masa harina); this releases niacin, an essential B vitamin. Untreated corn is a poor source of niacin because it remains bound to indigestible parts of the kernel.

Cornstarch: Cornstarch is often found in gluten-free recipes. It has very little nutritional value, but helps to create a nice smooth texture and acts as a binder in the dough.

Mesquite flour: Mesquite is a woody plant native to northern Mexico and the southwestern United States. Many people have had Southwestern specialties grilled over the plant’s fragrant branches, but less well-known are the edible pod and seed, which can be ground into a high-protein and nutritious flour. It makes a fabulous and unusual bread or focaccia. It has a naturally sweet flavor that goes well with agave syrup. It’s not easy to find; we got ours by mail order from Native Seeds/SEARCH, where it’s sold as “mesquite bean flour.” Note that our mequite bread recipe has wheat flour in it, so it’s not for celiacs.

Millet: This tiny grain is high in protein and vitamin B. Unground, it has a mild flavor that becomes nutty when toasted, and it creates a terrific texture in our Toasted Millet and Fruit Bread. That loaf is not gluten-free, but we do have a gluten-free millet loaf in Gluten-Free Artisan Bread in Five Minutes a Day (2014).

Quinoa (keen-wah): Quinoa is a relative of Swiss chard and beets. It has a lovely flavor, cooks quickly, and has lots of high-quality protein, which means it contains all the essential amino acids. It is also high in calcium, iron, and B vitamins. Like the millet bread, the quinoa loaf we included on page 192 is not gluten-free.

Rice and rice flours: Rice is one of the world’s great food staples—all the cultures of the Far East depended on it to develop their civilizations. Brown rice flour has its external bran left in place, and it’s higher in nutrients than white rice flour. It’s much higher in fiber than white rice flour, but has half the fiber content of whole wheat. In our gluten-free chapter, we only used brown rice flour where we call for rice, and tested with the Bob’s Red Mill product. Avoid “glutinous” rice flour, Asian market flours, “superfine rice flour,” or “sweet” rice flour, all of which will give you completely different results.

Sorghum: Sorghum is a very popular cooking grain related to sugarcane. It is used around the world, but has just recently found its way into American kitchens.

Soy flour: This flour is milled from soy beans, which are very high in protein. They are also one of the few foods that contain all of the essential amino acids.

Soy flour is an excellent way to boost the protein in gluten-free bread, and it can also be used in wheat breads the same way.

Tapioca flour/Tapioca starch: Tapioca is made from a root that’s known by many names: cassava, manioc, or yuca. It is extracted and ground into a flour that is high in calcium and vitamin C, but low in protein. It has traditionally been used for its starchy thickening properties, but it is now frequently used in gluten-free baking. It is sold as both tapioca flour and tapioca starch, and the most popular product has both of those names on the label.

Teff: An indispensable grain in Ethiopia, teff has been virtually unheard of in the rest of the world until recently. It is a type of millet that is very small but packed with iron and calcium. It is a wonderful sweet grain that is gluten-free and therefore gaining in popularity. When combined with caraway seeds in a bread, it’s a dead ringer for a traditional German or Eastern European caraway rye loaf.

Wild rice: Although technically an aquatic grass like plain rice, wild rice from North America distinguishes itself from its Asian counterpart by its distinct flavor and texture. It has long been prized in traditional Native American cultures, and more recently its nutritional profile and flavor have attracted interest from health-conscious eaters. 

Xanthan gum: This powdered additive, a naturally derived gum that creates gas- trapping structure in gluten-free dough, is used in gluten-free baking to replace the stretchiness and chew that breads would otherwise get from gluten in wheat. It’s a tried-and-true ingredient that’s been around for years.

Ground psyllium husk: When some of our readers reported sensitivities to xanthan gum, we began testing ground psyllium husk as a substitute, and it works well. This product, milled from the outer coating of an edible seed, has been used as a natural fiber supplement for years. It’s available at your local pharmacy, food co-op, or online, and is sometimes labeled “powdered” psyllium husk.

Excerpted from The New Healthy Bread in Five Minutes a Day. Copyright © 2016 by Jeff Hertzberg, M.D., and Zoë François Reprinted by permission of Thomas Dunne Books, an imprint of St. Martin's Press, a division of Macmillan Publishers.



3 Ways to Make Your Diet More Sustainable

Sustainability is a very hot topic in the food and nutrition world these days and for good reason.  Every year, we have about 80 million more people to feed than we did the year before. But of course, the amount of land and water we have to grow food—on this planet anyway—is fixed. ugly produce how to eat sustainably

In order to meet the ever-increasing demand for food, we’re going to need to make the best possible use of our finite natural resources. We need to develop ways to produce food more efficiently. And we need to preserve the long-term health and viability of the environment and do what we can to forestall irreversible climate changes that will make it harder to grow food.

Many of us are trying to make food choices that support these goals and efforts. We’re trying to eat sustainably. And while these efforts are well-intended, I’m not sure they are always well-directed.  As I’ve been thinking about this lately, it seems to me that there are three big factors that contribute to the sustainability of our individual and collective diets—and that one or two of these often gets overlooked.

What Does It Cost to Grow Our Food?

The first factor to consider is how much land, water, and energy it takes to produce various kinds of food and how many greenhouse gases are generated in the process. One of the biggest arguments for plant-based diets is that plant crops use less water and energy and create fewer greenhouse gases than meat and dairy. Shifting more of your calories from animal sources to plant sources can reduce both the carbon and water footprint of your diet.

When it comes to sustainability, this is where most of us tend to focus our efforts, or at least our thinking. We’ve all seen the charts and graphs comparing the environmental impact of plant and animal foods and it really seems like a slam dunk. If you want to save the planet, you need to become a vegetarian ... or at least shift your diet in that direction.

The High Cost of Food Processing

But there’s a second factor to consider, and that is the amount of water and energy and carbon emissions involved in the processing of those raw ingredients.  It may take fewer resources to produce a pound of soybeans than it does to produce a pound of milk. On the other hand, it takes a lot more resources to convert a pound of soybeans into a gallon of soymilk than it does to convert a gallon of milk into … a gallon of milk.  

Whether you’re turning chicken into chicken nuggets or jackfruit into fake chicken nuggets, food processing uses a lot of water and energy and produces a lot of greenhouse gases.  In fact, according the USDA’s Economic Research Service, food processing actually uses significantly more energy than agriculture.

A diet based on minimally-processed plant foods might be the most sustainable and a diet that includes a lot of heavily-processed animal foods might be the least sustainable. But I wouldn’t assume that a vegetarian diet that includes a lot of highly-processed foods would be that much more sustainable than a diet that includes a mix of minimally-processed plant and animal foods. If we’re concerned about the sustainability of our diets, I think we need to consider both the source of our calories as well as the degree of processing.

The Overlooked Impact of Food Waste

There’s a third factor to consider—one that might actually be the most impactful of all and the one that gets the least attention: food waste.


About a third of the food that we produce never gets eaten; it ends up in the landfill. And if you’re worried about the carbon footprint of your diet, consider this: If food waste were a country, it would be the #3 contributor of greenhouse gasses in the world, right behind the U.S. and China. And that’s on top of whatever greenhouse gases were released during the production and processing of that food.  

Although plant foods require less energy to produce, they are wasted at a far greater rate. We consume about 80% of the meat and dairy that is produced, throwing about 20% away. But 50% of the fruits and vegetables and about 40% of the grain that we grow is wasted.  

Food waste occurs at every step of food production and distribution—from the farm to the warehouse to the grocery store to our own kitchens. A lot of fresh wholesome produce ends up in the landfill because it’s not cosmetically perfect. A lot more is discarded because it is simply in the wrong place at the wrong time and it’s cheaper to pay for it to be hauled to the landfill than it is to store it or transport it to where it can be sold.

Reducing food waste was the topic of podcast #258, where I offered lots of tips on reducing food waste and readers and listeners added lots more. Since then, I learned about a very cool start-up company called Hungry Harvest.  Every week, these guys are diverting millions of pounds of fresh fruits and vegetables destined for the landfill and delivering them instead to subscribers, who save a bundle and also contribute to reducing food waste. Companies like Hungry Harvest, industry efforts like the Food Waste Alliance, and volunteer initiatives like the student-led Food Recovery Network have the capacity to put a major dent in food waste and the greenhouse gasses it produces so let's support them however we can.

Sustainability Is a Three-Legged Stool

As you consider how you can contribute to a sustainable food system, I urge you to keep all three of these factors in mind:

1) If you get a large percentage of your calories from animal foods, consider shifting the balance to get more of your calories from plant foods. You don’t necessarily have to become a strict vegan in order to make a big difference.

2) If you consume a lot of highly-processed foods, consider shifting your choices to include more whole and minimally-processed foods. Not only will you be reducing the carbon footprint of your diet but you’ll probably be improving the nutritional quality as well. (And just because you’re a vegetarian doesn’t get you off the hook here. That organic hemp protein powder and those gluten-free frozen pizza rolls don't grow on trees.

3) Be on the lookout for ways to reduce food waste, whether that means bringing leftovers home from restaurants, keeping track of what’s in the fridge so that it doesn’t spoil, buying “ugly” produce, or volunteering for an organization that works to reduce food waste by redirecting surplus food to food banks and shelters.

Thoughts? Questions? Resources to Share? Post them below or on the Nutrition Diva Facebook page.



5 Sweater Hacks That Will Blow Your Mind

5 Sweater Hacks That Will Blow Your Mind

How to Fix a Stretched-Out Sweater

Are the cuffs or neckline of your favorite sweater starting to get stretched out? Bring them back to their original size again by blowing them with hot air from your hairdryer! Just wet the cuffs or collar with water, set the hairdryer on its highest setting, and then blow-dry until no longer wet. The heat will shrink them slightly, bringing them back down to the right size.

What to Do if You Shrunk a Sweater

If you’ve accidentally shrunk a sweater in the dryer, there may still be hope. Let it sit in a bucket of water with a generous amount of hair conditioner mixed in. The chemicals in the conditioner can untangle the fibers in your sweater, making them expand back to their original condition. If that doesn’t work, it’s time to cut up the sweater and make some new mittens!

See Also: What to Do If You’re Out of Dryer Sheets or Fabric Softener

Make An Old Sweater Look Like New

If your favorite cashmere or angora sweater is looking a little worn, put it in a plastic bag and place it in the freezer for half an hour. The cold causes the fibers to expand, making your sweater look new again! Who knew there was such a thing as sweater cryogenics?

Sweater Storage Secrets

To eliminate moth damage or mildew from your wool sweaters and down jackets, wash the garments before storing, and never keep them in plastic bags or airtight containers. Your clothes need air, so consider a trunk made of wicker, cedar, or rattan, and avoid hot attics or damp basements. When putting away your sweaters for the spring and summer months, wrap them in newspaper and tape the sides. The newspaper will keep away both moths and moisture.

Rejuvenate a Cedar Chest

Cedar chests are wonderful because they not only look great, but their scent keeps moths away, too. But what to do when they begin to lose their scent? Get out some fine sandpaper and go to work! Gently sanding the inside of the chest will bring its scent back to life, making sure your clothes are safe and your room smells wonderful.

For more ways to solve everyday problems from all around the internet, check out our Lifehacks board on Pinterest. And don't forget to sign up for our newsletter and follow us on Facebook and Instagram!
 
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Why You Should Study a Foreign Language in School

Are you a language-learning dropout? Maybe you remember "la discoteca" from seventh-grade Spanish class but don’t recall enough actual grammar to string a sentence together. Don’t give up: learning a foreign language isn’t easy, but the benefits can be long-lasting.

Here are just a few of the reasons studying a foreign language is an important part of your education:   

You can be a stronger candidate for jobs and internships

You probably already know that having a second language on your resume looks impressive. Beyond that, fluency in another language can open new career doors for you and give you a real edge over the competition in your field. And while being multilingual can be an asset in any business environment, you may find yourself in particularly high demand if you can go into interpretation or translation, which is a fast-growing job market.

Language skills may increase your chances of keeping your job or internship once you have one, too. If you are the only intern in your department or company who can speak Mandarin, for example, you may be seen as more invaluable. Census numbers show 80 percent of the U.S. population speaks only English at home, so you are very likely to have a leg up on the competition if you are fluent in second language.

So, what languages give you the biggest edge? It may depend on your industry, but with a fast-growing number of speakers in the U.S. and worldwide, Spanish is often helpful (although more widely spoken by Americans than most languages). Worldwide, Mandarin Chinese has the largest number of speakers and is important to many in the business world. Arabic, Portuguese, and Russian are also among the most widely spoken languages worldwide.

Your communication skills will improve

Think about how sheepish you feel when trying to pronounce unfamiliar words in another language. Correct pronunciation is the most basic thing you learn about a new language, and mastering it can help your ability to communicate effectively within other cultures. Remember that without knowing the rules of how the letters sound, you can’t begin to speak it properly. If you’ve taken a few years of Spanish, you may not remember 10 years later that “mantequilla” means “butter,” but you’ll probably still know to pronounce the double l’s like a y.

You will sharpen your mind

To put it simply, being multilingual is good for your brain. Research has shown that knowing a foreign language has strong effects on the brain that can protect against dementia later in life. Those benefits come from the way your brain resolves internal conflict between active language systems. Essentially, even when a bilingual person is using only one language, both languages are active in the brain, giving it a greater cognitive workout.

You'll have more study-abroad opportunities

Don’t you want to be one of those people who just can’t stop telling stories that start with, “During my semester in Barcelona …”? There’s a reason those who study abroad typically can’t stop talking about it: It can change your worldview and your life.

Yes, it costs money and you might get homesick. But the practice you’ll get in your foreign language by encountering it daily is something unique that you can’t replicate solely in the classroom. To learn a language, you have to speak it, and the cultural lessons and understanding you’ll learn by spending a few months in another country are priceless.

It will make you better at English, too

When you speak and write English as your native language, you’re probably not thinking much about grammatical rules on a daily basis. You may or may not be following the rules correctly, but either way, the way you use English is ingrained knowledge. With a new language, though, you’ll be more aware of grammatical nuances, spelling, and word use, and that can boost your overall language skills and comprehension.

Lora Wegman is a contributing writer for Varsity Tutors, a live learning platform that connects students with personalized instruction to accelerate academic achievement.



Senin, 28 November 2016

How Are Seasonal Flu Vaccines Made?

Coughing, chills, runny nose, and fatigue mean it’s that time of year again—the time when we spread holiday cheer and, well, the flu. Here at QDT we know what the flu is, how it’s different than the common cold, who is more susceptible to flu symptoms, and how to avoid getting and spreading the flu (like getting a flu shot!). You may also know that the flu shot changes each year, but how is the vaccine made? Who decides what strains of flu go into the vaccine each year, and how do they make that choice?

What Goes into a Flu Vaccine?

All year long, 142 national influenza centers in 113 different countries collect data on the flu viruses impacting the world’s population. Specifically, they monitor which strains of the virus are making people sick, how efficiently those strains are spreading, and how well previous vaccines have worked to combat their targeted viruses.

All of these smaller centers then pass the results from their wide-reaching investigations to one of five World Health Organization Collaborating Centers for Reference and Research on Influenza: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (aka the CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia; the National Institute for Medical Research in London, UK; the Victoria Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory in Melbourne, Australia; the National Institute for Infectious Diseases in Tokyo, Japan; and the National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention in Beijing, China.

Scientists at each of the five main centers then gather and analyze the data together to identify new flu strains and to determine which strains of the virus are most likely to spread and cause illness in the upcoming flu season. Consultants from each center then meet twice each year. They meet in February to determine the recommended composition for the yearly flu vaccine to be produced in the northern hemisphere for the upcoming flu season, and they also meet in September to make the same decision for future patients in the southern hemisphere.

The virologic surveillance data used to help make their decision are reported through several different channels. Clinical laboratories and hospitals monitor where and when flu cases occur, as well as what strains are detected and what kinds of patients are affected.  Patients who have flu-like symptoms with no other obvious cause but who still do not have officially confirmed cases of the flu are also monitored and recorded. Any changes in the strains of flu themselves, as well as the geographic reach of each strain, are also tracked. To see just how the flu is spreading in your home state, the Epidemiology and Prevention Branch in the Influenza Division at the Centers for Disease Control in the US, produces an interactive report of their findings.

Another factor that can determine which strains of the flu will be included in the current flu shot is the ability to produce a working vaccine against that particular strain. Every vaccine must be thoroughly tested and approved by the FDA before it is made available to the public. If for any reason the production process is particularly slow for a given strain, that strain will not be included in the World Health Organization’s list.

Ultimately, however, the World Health Organization only recommends which viruses go into the flu vaccine each year. Individual countries make the final decision on whether or not to follow that recommendation. In the United States, the US Food and Drug Administration (the FDA) has the final say. To see the make up of the 2015-2016 flu vaccine, check out the CDC’s website.

How Are Flu Vaccines Manufactured?

In the US, once the FDA has determined the flu vaccine concoction for the year, all vaccines are then made by manufacturers in the private sector. Private companies can have their own slight variations in the production technologies that they use, but flu shots are most commonly made using fertilized eggs.

A research center, usually the CDC, provides a manufacturer with flu viruses that have been grown in chicken eggs. The manufacturer then injects those viruses into other, fertilized chicken eggs where the are incubated for several days so that the virus can replicate. The fluid containing the virus is then harvested and the virus is killed. (Note that for the nasal spray, an alternative to the flu shot, the virus is merely weakened and not killed entirely.)


The virus antigens—molecular structures found on the surface of the virus’s proteins that are responsible for triggering a body’s immune response, or, in other words, the part of the virus that inspires the production of the antibodies which will eventually fight it off—are then purified. The resulting vaccine is then tested by the FDA on a lot by lot basis before approval.

According to the CDC, the process takes at least six months to produce a vaccine in large quantities. Thus, some manufacturers will make an educated guess as to which strains will need to be harvested for the upcoming flu season and will begin growing some of the virus in January, before the February meeting that produces the recommendations from the World Health Organization so that they are ready to meet demand.

In addition to the long time requirement (relative to the need for yearly updates), the egg-based manufacture of flu vaccines also requires a huge number of eggs. Certain strains of the virus grow poorly in eggs and thus our ability to inoculate against them is limited.

New Flu Shot Technology

Despite having used egg-based production methods for more than 70 years, scientists are now looking to new methods for harvesting the flu virus, in part to produce vaccines more quickly. After being grown in chicken eggs, manufacturers are allowed, since being approved by the FDA in 2012, to harvest the flu virus in canine kidney cells. This process is shorter, and obviously involves fewer eggs, but is currently only being used in one vaccine.

In 2013, the FDA approved the use of recombinant technology, a process that does not use chicken eggs at all. Manufacturers instead harvest proteins directly from the flu virus and combine them with another virus that grows well in insect cells. This combination virus is then allowed to replicate in insect cells before being harvested and purified.

The use of recombinant technology has clear advantages: it does not rely on a supply of virus-containing eggs which come from a limited number of facilities, nor is it limited to the production of vaccines against viruses that can grow well in eggs. Thus, if we face a fast-paced, Contagion-level outbreak of a flu strain, the use of recombinant DNA will allow us to respond quickly.

Who Should Get a Flu Shot?

The CDC recommends that anyone over six months of age who is not allergic to the materials used in the production of flu vaccines (like eggs!) should get a flu shot every year, especially those people who spend time around others who are particularly vulnerable to the flu like children and the elderly.

Even if, after all of the extensive data collection and research, the viruses chosen for the flu vaccine are not a good match to those that end up in circulation, the flu shot still offers some protection. Antibodies made by your body in response to the strains of flu in the vaccine can still fight against, although not as effectively, any flu virus that you contract. Every flu shot also contains protection against at least three or four strains, so even if one strain proves to not have its predicted impact, you are still inoculated against the other two or three.

Until next time, this is Sabrina Stierwalt with Everyday Einstein’s Quick and Dirty Tips for helping you make sense of science. You can become a fan of Everyday Einstein on Facebook or follow me on Twitter, where I’m @QDTeinstein. If you have a question that you’d like to see on a future episode, send me an email at everydayeinstein@quickanddirtytips.com.

Image courtesy of Shutterstock.



How Technology Can Tank Your Success in Class: Part 2

We saw in the first part of this episode that technology can tank your success in class. So it’s a good idea to train yourself not to use it when it’s potentially going to turn your brain into a pile of mush and short-circuit the important relationships you need to jumpstart your career.

Let’s explore a bit more about the non-technological solutions, and when they might actually be better than using your tech.

When Intern MG is being his over-the-top, uber-productive, over-achieving self, he can often be seen scurrying around the castle (did I mention he’s living in a castle this semester? Yes, a castle. With turrets. I’m not jealous at all.) carrying his notebook. Not his notebook computer; an actual paper notebook. From Moleskine, of course. But why paper?

Buy physical notebooks for classes

He uses the paper for his class notes and to-do lists. For starters, paper has no distractions. He can take notes without being reminded that his shmoopie Sam just bought a new outfit. Even though he’s hopelessly devoted to his relationship, study time shouldn’t be interrupted by feeling like he has to compliment a new dress. Paper notebooks have no interruptions.

Physical notebooks win in reliability! When using them, you can’t swipe by accident and wipe out important information. Plus the battery never runs out of power, and lack of internet connection won’t leave you stranded. When the zombie apocalypse comes and takes the power grid with it, your to-do list will still work, while all those other people’s to-do lists won’t.

As we’ve explored before in this podcast, research shows hand-written note-taking is simply more effective, even if you don’t capture as much of the information, instead of on a computer. You’ll remember more, which was the main reason you were taking notes in the first place. It’s also a distraction-free zone. There are no squiggly red lines or formatting settings to “augment your workflow.” Writing shouldn’t be mixed with editing or spell-checking. You want the purity of you, your class, and your thoughts.

Sit in the front of the classroom

In business school, I got up super-early the first day of class to sit at the very back of the room. It was called the “Skydeck” and was where all the cool kids hang out. And at long last, I got to hang out there too!

Apparently, the cool kids all had 20/15 vision and super-hearing powers. A couple of months into class, I voluntarily moved to the “Wormdeck,” as the front row was called.

I could hear the professor. I could read the chalkboard. And I was focused on the learning, rather than passing around notes and “top–10 lists,” which was the main Skydeck activity.

Sitting in front forces to focus on the learning. Constant eye contact with your teacher promotes healthy feelings of guilt if you spend time on your computer not listening to what they’re saying. The guilt will make you smart. And if guilt isn’t enough, they’ll be able to see you using your computer, which will add shame and public embarrassment to the mix. That’s a potent mixture that will not only get you learning, but also support the economy, as you’ll have to deal with the lingering after-effects of all that negativity by employing a small army of therapists once you’ve graduated.

And just in case you’re thinking that you can sneak a peek at someone else’s computer … you can’t! You’re in the front row and no one else’s computer is in your sight line. Like it or not, your technology detox is under way.


Steal your professor’s brain!

As an extra bonus, sitting in the front row also helps you read your professor’s mind and suck the knowledge directly out of their brains. Bwahah hah hah hah! Actually, I’m completely serious. As an undergrad, I noticed that learning in-person from a professor who really understood the material gave me much better learning, much faster, than learning on my own or from someone with a lesser understanding. I’m sure it has something to do with mirror neurons, or subtle nonverbal cues, or something like that. Unfortunately, I was playing Halo 3 on my laptop during the day we covered that material, so I don’t remember it.

Delete distracting apps

Some classes require using a computer, and they may even ask you to look things up on the web. But they don’t require you to look up YouTube videos like the latest Adam Ruins Everything: The Truth about Hymens (which is actually quite educational and if you’re a guy, will teach you things you never knew before).

Keep your web surfing focus intact by using a blocker. Intern MG is a sucker for browsing ZooBorns.com when he’s supposed to be paying attention in Perfectionism 101. He uses blacklisting apps like SelfControl or Focus. He turns them on, adds ZooBorns to the blacklist, and can still look up the many faces of perfectionism but not… not… not… the many faces of cute, adorable ZooBorns.

When in doubt, throw them out

If the computer is just too much of a distraction, downgrade. Buy a cheap, “dumb” laptop that’s only loaded up with note taking, work processor, spreadsheets, and other productivity apps. It’ll be just like the 1990s, back when Silicon Valley actually tried to make computers useful tools rather than soul-sucking distraction, surveillance, and mass manipulation devices. You only need a few applications to do your most productive work, as I discussed in my episode on writing fast.

That still doesn’t solve the problem of being distracted by a smartphone. As horrifying as he may find the prospect, MG might get a lot more out of his education by trading in his smartphone for a flip phone.


Find an accountability buddy who hates technology

As I recounted in my episode on getting a boundary buddy, you can team up with a friend to help hold each other accountable. My friend Timmy is my accountabilibuddy, and you can have one too! Just find a friend and ask them to help you stay true to putting learning first, and technology second.

Your accountabilibuddy can set with you in the front row, so you can be A+++ students together. Have a daily chat right before class where you remind each other of your in-class goals. An accountabilibuddy doesn’t do much except listen. And just talking about progress with someone else can help you build momentum.

Once you’ve created good habits by explicitly choosing your non-tech tools over your tech tools when it makes sense, sitting in the front of the classroom, using website blockers, and hanging with your accountabilibuddy, you’ll be more present. You’ll learn more. You’ll take an active voice. You’ll lead in class discussions, and you might even convince other students to get off their laptops, too. Pretty soon, you’ll be able to join MG at the very top of the class, where you can duke it out for the top spot in Perfectionism 101.

This is Stever Robbins. Follow Get-It-DoneGuy on Twitter and Facebook. I run webinars and other programs to help people be Extraordinarily Productive, and build extraordinary careers. If you want to know more, visit SteverRobbins.com

Work Less, Do More, and have a Great Life!



6 Times Biohacking Fitness Crosses the Line

As you learned in last week’s episode, I’ve lately been “called out” quite a bit about my fringe, nerdy, technology-obsessed, biohacking shortcuts to achieve body and brain performance. In that episode, I presented natural alternatives to modern biohacks such as cryotherapy, electrical muscle stimulation and hypoxia.

In today’s article, which is Part 2 of this series, you’ll get plenty of examples of how and when biohacking can cross the line, and smarter, more natural, more ancestral alternatives to the current craze of cryotherapy, electrical muscle stimulation, digital meditation, nootropics, and strapping your own equivalent of a goat-limb prosthetic to your body.

1.) Vibration Platforms

Devices that shudder and shake as you stand on them may seem convenient, cool, and a highly technological new way to exercise, or to be able to recover faster, lift more weight, or sprint faster—all of which vibration has been shown to be able to do. And sure, these vibration platforms (and their slightly less sexy cousins: rebounding trampolines) definitely increase lymph flow and blood flow. I talk about these in Do Vibration Platforms Work for Fat Loss? But running in place and exercises like jumping jacks can offer very similar benefit and be a great alternative if you don’t have a vibration plate nearby or simply want one less item plugged into an electrical outlet in your home. Yep, you can just “bounce up and down” with no fancy biohacks required.

2.) Blue Light Therapy

On my blog at BenGreenfieldFitness.com, I have plenty of stories about new light-emitting devices—technology that stimulates photoreceptors in the ears or the eyes with light to normalize circadian rhythms, to stimulate mitochondria and to adjust the body to new time zone or eliminate jet lag. Take a look here, here, and here.  

These green and blue light producing devices can indeed be a great way to stimulate the brain and to normalize circadian rhythms. But there’s no better source of blue light out there than the morning and afternoon rays of sunshine, so before strapping on a biohacking headset or pair of blue light producing glasses, ask yourself if you can simply go on a walk in nature and get a dose of natural sun exposure instead.

3.) Electric Brain Stimulation

The claim behind electrical brain stimulation is that by attaching electrodes to your temples and running light electrical current through your brain, you can deal with anxiety and insomnia, increase your pain threshold, improve reasoning and alpha brain wave production and beyond.

For example, since the 1960’s, scientists have investigated transcranial direct-current stimulation, or tDCS, and found that it can do all those things. But what they don’t know are the long-term effects, good or bad. That makes tDCS a gamble, especially if you self-administer it. Electroencephalography (EEG) based neurofeedback appears to be slightly more safe, but still an expensive and out-of-reach biohack for many.

Then there are headbands and meditation—devices that monitor your brain waves during meditation and generate sounds, binaural beats, voices and other digital projections to lull you into a deeper meditative state. I agree that these tools are convenient to walk you through a meditation or teach you meditation techniques, yet I’m still concerned about the amount of electrons and other non-native electronic singals projected into the body and brain by these devices.

Why not first look into other ways to stimulate the brain, such as riddles, crossword puzzles, board games, transcendental meditation, Kundalini yoga, or just a good meditation sit spot in nature?


4.) Anti-Aging Injections

Here’s the science behind this one: if you listened to a recent podcast I recored on the anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer benefits of a compound called “Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide” (NAD), you may have heard that you can spend hundreds of dollars on NAD supplements or thousands of dollars on NAD injections.

But after a bit of research following that podcast, and a fascinating discussion with a man who I consider to be one of the brightest minds in medicine, Dr. Joseph Mercola, I discovered that a compound called “beta-lapachone” can massively increase levels of NAD, and that this pricey chemical can actually be quite inexpensively obtained via a pau d’ arco tree bark tea from the Peruvian jungles. Dr. Mercola is way ahead of his time in terms of his experiments with and knowledge on NAD. He’s working on a new book on mitochondria that will go into this and much more and he clued me into and gave me instructions on how to prepare an absorbable NAD precursor for pennies on the dollar.

How? Follow this recipe:

-Mix 1-2 teaspoons of pau d’ arco tree bark with 4-8 ounces of warm water and allow it to sit overnight for 10-12 hours.

-In a good blender for 2-3 minutes, blend the water and soaked bark with fats, which will form liposomes that can increase absorption of the beta-lapachone from the tea. For fats, you can use brain octane oil , coconut oil, olive oil, fish oil or full fat coconut milk – but Dr. Mercola advised me that the best solution, aside from a special krill oil formulation that is not yet available on the market, is simply a half teaspoon of organic, non-GMO sunflower lecithin, which contains good amounts of phosphatidylcholine, an excellent way to make phospholipids. 

-For even more absorption, add 1-2 teaspoons of organic turmeric powder to this mixture.

-Strain after blending.

You can then use the resulting foamy white bark “milk” as an ingredient in smoothies or shakes, or you can drink it straight. No needles or injection clinics required.

5.) Petri Dish Organs

Biohacking can also involve modifying cells on a genetic level, and what cells can be made to do is pretty amazing. For example, JuicyPrint is an up-and-coming project that hacks bacteria to respond to light. The bacteria then produce cellulose, and with some alterations to its genetic code, that cellulose production can then be tuned to respond to the presence or absence of light. JuicyPrint then uses the natural substance as the raw material in a 3D printer.

Those behind the project see it being used for everything from rebuilding organs to making new arteries and blood vessels, and because the new organs and implants would be based on a biological material instead of artificial material , it may be able to blend more seamlessly into a human body, with less risk of things like blood clots. The goal for the final project is to feed fruit juice to the printer to spit out whatever shapes are needed, including the potential for skin grafts and new organs.

But there are other natural compounds that one can ingest that allow for rapid healing and growth of the human body, without necessarily getting an organ transplant or skin surgery: elements chock full of stem cell stimulants and growth factors such as marine phytoplankton, aloe vera gel, colostrum, chlorella, whey protein, and even one of the most natural, least sexy, least biohack-ey nutrients of all: raw milk.

6.) Nootropics

Of course, biohacking doesn’t always have to mean getting out a scalpel and starting to cut into your body to implant a chip. The “nootropics” movement is one that’s growing quickly, and it’s based around the idea of taking brain-enhancing drugs to make one focus better, think faster, and work more efficiently. Caffeine and L-theanine are more “natural compounds” found in coffee and tea, but there are also some folks popping over 40 pills a day of other nootropics and smart drugs, including habitual users of potentially liver-damaging compounds such as Ritalin, Adderall, and modafinil.

I’m personally nervous about the long-term impact of taking such brain drugs and drug cocktails, especially if they’re not non-addictive and nontoxic. Currently, there’s no way of determining what the long-term impact of these brain-altering drugs will be, and if that makes you nervous, then you should know that there definitely natural solutions.

For example, for wakefulness and cognitive enhancement, you can try sniffing, wearing, or diffusing essential oils of peppermint, vanilla or pine. You can drink a cup of joe for the same adenosine blocking as a spendy, smart drug. You can eat foods like capers and bananas for a dopamine or tap into St. John’s Wort herb, fish, and eggs for brain-boosting choline. You get the idea. Before shoveling over sixty to a hundred bucks for a bottle of brain pills, you may simply want to visit a garden or find a fish

Summary

Don’t get me wrong. I’m a biohacker. In the past twenty four hours alone, I’ve performed tDCS, electroencepholography, intranasal light therapy, electrical muscle stimulation, peptide injections, electric compression boots, eight different nootropic pills and much more. But in the same twenty four hours, I’ve also done a fifteen minute sit spot in nature, a gratitude journal, a boatload of natural spring water, a forest walk, yoga, a glass of raw goat milk and deep breathing.

What about you? What will you choose? Perhaps instead of strapping the biohacking equivalent of a goat prosthetic to your body, you might first try buying a goat, milking a goat, walking a goat in the sunshine or finding some more natural, safe and healthy alternative to turning yourself into an artificial goat. Once you’ve mastered that, perhaps you can throw in a few biohacks, but only those you understand and that don’t pursue performance at all costs while flying in the face of health and longevity.

Do you have questions, comments or feedback about how to get more done for your fitness in less time? Join the conversation at http://ift.tt/1PKzcip.



Minggu, 27 November 2016

How to Master the Etiquette of Winning

 

Celebrating VictoryFor the first time in 17 years, my favorite team, the Baltimore Orioles, clinched a division title. I’m not bragging, really!  But being a baseball fan in my town and calling yourself a “winner?" These things don't happen too often. The O’s locker room celebration consisted of players and staff spraying Champagne on each other, singing, dancing, and more importantly thanking the city for its support. I was most happy with that last part because it showed both class and appreciation.

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And that brings me to the sad part we often see when witnessing a victory celebration--the lack of proper etiquette. Whether or not you believe that dousing yourself in alcohol is the way to celebrate is not the issue. It’s your ability to be gracious as a winner, respectful, and appreciative of the others who helped make that happen that mean the most. So, before you allow your hand to be raised in victory, check out my top three quick and dirty tips for the etiquette of winning.

Tip #1: The Respect Factor

As many of you know, I spent more than eight wonderful years as a professional wrestler. I have to point this out because even though people think pro wrestling is a bunch of hooligans kicking the crap out of each other, it’s really just “soap-opera style” entertainment.  It’s not like cage fighting or boxing with actual violence. In fact, in wrestling a “victory” is a two-person action. I only won because someone was willing to allow me to (and vice-versa). It was decided way before I laced up my boots and squeezed myself into my skintight "pleather" pants. (Hey, I know I'm a respectable dad now; this was a long time ago.) After a win, I’d run around the ring, pointing to the crowd and waving my championship belt in the air. I was required to do that. But, in my mind, I was thinking about how it was the other guy in the fight who made it possible. With that, the first thing I would do after a match--win or lose --was thank my opponent for his time and spirit, and for allowing me to “shine” (a term we use for winning). You know, like a gentleman. PS - Sorry to shatter the myth, folks. But that's how professional wrestling works.

So, now we all know that professional wrestling is not a “real sport,” and the emotions of winning are just for show, but the respect factor was very authentic.  And that, my friends, is one of the most important characteristics a real competitor should posess. So when you win, it’s, of course. proper to celebrate – many times you can’t even control yourself because you’re so happy - but in the end, you can’t forget your opponent. Even if it’s a bitter rivalry, real competitors respect the process. When you win, the proper thing to do is to thank your opponent like a mature adult. “Wait, MMG, did you just say thank your… opponent?” Yup, I did. Opponents are not enemies – they’re competitors. You only get better by having quality opponents and that’s something that should be respected. Anything less shows a lack of class, and appreaciation for your field.


Tip #2: Stay Classy

For those of you who believe keeping your manners intact is not a priority when it comes to the big win, take a look at someone like boxing legend, Floyd Mayweather after a cheap win over  Victor Oritz (note - this video contains harsh language). This fight goes down as one of the cheapest wins in professional sports history because of some rather unsportsmanlike behavior displayed by Mr. Mayweather. Things got worse during his “victory speech,” when Mayweather cursed at broadcaster Larry Merchant, who questioned Mayweather's tactics. An exchange that once again allowed Mayweather to claim his other world title--The Rudest Professional Athlete Alive. His actions irk me to this day, on multiple levels. For starters, he’s an amazing boxer. But, time after time, he destroys our ability to celebrate his wins with his brash and immature behavior. Where’s the humbleness? Where’s the “thanks for the good fight?"

When I decided to write an episode about the etiquette of winning, I thought about people like Mayweather and their behavior. I would much rather cheer for someone who lost but shows class with defeat than someone who wins without it. Interestingly enough, I came across this quote that sums up the proper way to embrace victory (by Paul Bryant): “Show class, have pride, and display character. If you do, winning takes care of itself.” Winning is one thing but taking the time to remember how you got there is another. People will forget about your win if your ego over shadows the work.

Tip #3: Winning Isn’t Forever

Like most things, victory celebrations don't last forever. You can be king/queen of the world one day and, the next day, the game starts all over again. Another person is working his or her way up to you, or to your spot.  Whether in sports, business, or even life, there will always people on the heels of every winner, just waiting to step in. I don’t mean to rain on your parade, but it’s the truth. Revel in your win, celebrate, see your name in lights…but it’s improper and irrational to think staying at the top can last forever. The beautiful thing about competition is that everyone has a chance to take home the grand prize. Money, looks, and prestige simply don't matter in the long run; what matters is how you play the game.

The reason why I want to stress this point last is because it highlights the importance of following Tips #1 and #2. You have to approach competition properly in order to solidify yourself as a winner. No one will want to celebrate with you if you don’t appreciate the journey. And no one will respect you if you can’t win with grace. This perspective allows you to also respect those in your field more and embrace what it means to have a successful, true victory--not just a fleeting "win."

As always, if you have another manners question, I look forward to hearing from you at manners@quickanddirtytips.com. Follow me on Twitter @MannersQDT, and, of course, check back next week for more Modern Manners Guy tips for a more polite life.

Do you have any recent graduates in your circle, or perhaps someone who is looking to start a new career, check out my new book, Reply All…And Other Ways to Tank Your Career for great tips and advice on job success. It's available now!

Victory image courtesy of Shutterstock



6 Steps to a Successful Bedtime Routine

Raising 8 kids over the past 20 years has been amazing, exhausting, surprising, and everything in between.  I’ve learned plenty from trial and error and the best teacher has ultimately been experience.   

My first podcast episode as Mighty Mommy was called, How Routines Will Simplify Your Life. It remains one of the most popular episodes I’ve ever done. I’m not surprised. Without question my sanity and my family’s overall well-being would not be as strong if not for the structure of routine – and I’m clearly not the only one for whom this is true.

When I’m asked what routines are the most sacred, I hesitate to recommend one over another. But while they’re all important, I think a solid bedtime routine, no matter how old your kids are, is definitely worth its weight in gold.

Whether you have tiny tots or temperamental teens, here are Mighty Mommy’s 6 tips for establishing a successful bedtime routine for the entire family.

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Tip #1: Know How Much Sleep Your Family Needs

There are plenty of jokes about sleep being overrated, but the fact is that the majority of us and our children do not catch enough zzz’s every night.  According to the National Sleep Foundation, newborns should sleep 12 to 18 hours out of every 24 (as every new parent hopes). This amount is gradually reduced as kids get older.

Toddlers under age 3 need to 12-14 hours of sleep, preschoolers between ages 3 and 5 need 11-13 hours, and schoolchildren ages 5 to 10 need 10 to 11 hours per night. Teens need about 9 ¼ hours of sleep each night to function best, but most teens don’t get nearly that much.

See also: 5 Ways to Help Your Family Sleep Better

 

Knowing how much sleep your family needs is a great place to start when implementing a successful bedtime routine because depending on your child's age, you can gauge what time they should be going to bed and organize your routine from there.

Tip #2: Select a Bedtime and Work Backwards

As I recommended in the episode How Routines Will Simplify Your Life, start by selecting the bedtime you wish to establish and work backwards. If you decide 7:30pm is when you want your toddler to go to bed, figure that you will want to get started an hour before the bedtime. At 6:30pm give a gentle reminder that bedtime will be happening in about an hour and that all activities need to come to an end. A few minutes later announce “clean up” time and get your kids in the habit of picking up the playroom before they go to bed.

If they are school-aged, establish a routine for getting their outfits, backpacks, snacks or lunches for the next day ready the night before. Next, oversee teeth brushing, going to the bathroom, PJs, and then you can have some quiet time together reading their favorite bedtime story or just snuggling and talking. When younger kids have your undivided attention at the end of their long day, it gives them a sense of security that all is right in the world.

Likewise, with older children, decide on a bedtime for school nights and plan backwards from there. If bedtime for your 15-year-old is 10pm, homework, outfits, lunches, showers, personal care, and cleaning up their bedroom (no, I’m not kidding—even if they put some of their clothes away it’s a help), that should all be done by 9:30pm.

Your teens need your attention before bedtime as well. Although you may not be reading to them any longer, you should try and get them to talk about their day, what happened in band or sports practice, or anything else that they may want to discuss. If you get into the routine of connecting with them on a very regular basis, they’ll know they can count on you when they really need to talk about something important.

Tip #3: Build in Comfort Rituals

Routines are important because they build a structure into various parts of your family’s day. While they’ll never admit it, kids really do crave schedules and structure because that way they know what to expect. A predictable routine allows children to feel safe and to develop a sense of control in their lives. A large part of a successful routine is consistency. 

Another important key is building in comfort rituals that will help your child feel safe and secure, especially at bedtime. You know your child best, so pick one or two things that you know help your child relax and build those into his/her bedtime routine. 

For example, my youngest daughter has two favorite stuffed animals that are her security blanket when she goes to sleep.  She’s now 9 years old, but since she was a toddler we made sure her two adored friends, a stuffed giraffe and the teddy bear she’s had since birth, are right with her when she’s getting her PJs on and then for story time. 

She’s always felt safe with these two trusted companions and was able to fall asleep on her own easily because they’ve always been part of the routine.  Another of our kids routinely has a glass of milk before brushing his teeth.  He’s 17 now and still does this as part of his bedtime ritual, even when he’s not at home.


Tip #4: Power Down

When you have younger kids, it’s easier to turn off electronics a couple of hours before bedtime because you have them engaged with bath time, brushing their teeth, and then snuggling in to read a favorite bedtime story. As our kids get older, however, powering down their electrical gadgets can be a struggle, especially because so many tweens and teens rely on these devices to help with homework as well as to stay connected with their friends.

See also: Kids and Technology

 

As mentioned in my episode, 5 Ways to Help Your Family Sleep Better, a good way to manage this is to sit your teenagers down and collectively agree on a reasonable time when your house will go into "quiet mode." You can adjust this to work with your kids' ages. In our family of mostly teens, we decided that TV, music, and other electronic gadgets would be turned off by 10pm on weekdays and 11pm on weekends. This took several weeks of consistent attempts, but we're now in the habit of powering off at roughly the same time each evening.

See also: 6 Key Ingredients for a Successful Morning Routine

 

In addition to shutting down our electronics, we've also revamped our evening routine to include getting homework completed, making lunches for the next day, and getting outfits and backpacks ready well before bedtime. This way we can spend some time powering ourselves down before turning in rather than scurrying around like lunatics to get everything done. 

Tip #5: Be Consistent 7 Days a Week

A routine of any kind doesn’t happen overnight, especially if you currently don’t have them in place. Sticking to a set bedtime for kids may be difficult for everyone at first. But you and kids adjust to the schedule, the benefits will be made clear.  A consistent bedtime policy will be easier to enforce and kids’ internal clocks will also adjust to the schedule over time.

If your family is currently winging it every night and your kids are already out of the malleable baby age, it is still possible to implement a bedtime routine. You just have to be realistic about your expectations and don’t get frustrated when after day two, your kids are still trying to run the show and go to bed on their own terms. 

Regardless of your children’s ages, start small. Let your toddler know that you have some fun new plans to get ready for bed. For older kids, explain that you’d like to help them get a better night’s sleep and in order to do that you’ll be “powering down” as a family (see Tip #4).

If you want a bedtime (or any other routine) to be effective, consistency is key, so commit to your plan for the long haul, 7 days a week and you’ll reap the benefits of less-stressful and more restful evenings for years to come. For more great info on establishing habits, check out the Savvy Phycologist’s great advice in her episode How to Make or Break a Habit.

Tip #6: Parents Need a Bedtime Routine, Too

Hey Mom and Dad, kids aren't the only ones who benefit from a good bedtime routine! 

If you are on the go from morning until your exhausted head hits the pillow 12 hours later, you’re not doing yourself or your family any favors.  Try a few of these habits to help you unwind and get a great night’s sleep.

  • Get yourself ready for work the night before as part of your bedtime ritual so you won’t be rushed in the morning. If you're a stay-at-home parent, get your work-out clothes ready for the next morning or have your first project for the day organized and ready to go.

  • Allow time to wind down and relax about an hour before your scheduled bedtime. Enjoy a warm bath or shower or spend some time reading.

  • Avoid working or doing anything physically demanding at least an hour before bed, including exercising.

  • Make sure your bedroom is dark, quiet, and a comfortable temperature.

  • Keep a gratitude journal and scribble some thoughts in there each night before bed. Think about what you are grateful for that day. This will feed your mind with positive thoughts before you drift off to dreamland.  

See also: 11 Ways to Raise Grateful Kids

 

What kind of bedtime routine works for your family? Share your thoughts in the Comments section at http://ift.tt/1wBcPAN, post your ideas on the Mighty Mommy Facebook page. or email me at mommy@quickanddirtytips.com. Also visit my family-friendly boards at http://ift.tt/1wyJKr5.

Be sure to sign up for the upcoming Mighty Mommy newsletter, chock full of practical advice to make your parenting life easier and more enjoyable. 

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9 Ways to Get Rid of Foot Calluses and Corns Naturally

9 Ways to Get Rid of Foot Calluses and Corns Naturally

Can the Corns and Calluses

Painful corns and ugly calluses can put a cramp in your style, especially in the summer. Flatten them with this easy tip. All you need are bandages, petroleum jelly, and an emery board. Every night before you go to sleep rub a little petroleum jelly on the corn or callus and cover with a bandage. Then, in the morning, file gently with the emery board. Repeat the process every day until they’re gone, usually in about 10–14 days, and make sure not to use the emery board for any other purpose, like filing your nails.

Surprising Use for Pineapple Peel

If you’ve ever wondered if there’s anything you can do with the peel of a pineapple (it seems so wasteful just to throw it away), here’s a tip for you. Use it to treat your calluses! Tape a piece of peel to the callus, flesh-side down, and the enzymes will go to work at softening it, making it easier to rub away with a pumice stone. Now you can enjoy the taste of summer and get your feel sandal-ready at the same time!

Let Flax Flex Its Muscles

You might use flaxseed oil in your salads and other dishes as a way of incorporating the healthy anti-inflammatory into your diet, but did you know that it can also help soften a stubborn callus or corn? Before going to bed, soak a small clean cloth in some flaxseed oil and cover the callus or corn with it. Then cover that with a bandage overnight, so that the oil doesn’t soak through to your sheets. While you sleep the oil will go to work, and the callus or corn will be much easier to smooth with a pumice stone come morning.

Use Aloe Overnight

Another great overnight callus or corn treatment is aloe! This remedy works best with an aloe leaf, but you can also use 100 percent pure aloe gel. Cut a small piece from the plant, slice it open, and apply it flesh-side down to the callus. Cover with a bandage, and leave it until morning. Remove to reveal a soft, easy-to-file callus or corn!

Callus Be Gone!

Get rid of ugly, unwanted calluses by dabbing them with chest rub, then covering them with bandages and leaving overnight. Repeat this procedure several days in a row and your calluses will disappear. Believe or not, chest rub is also good for curing toenail fungus!

DIY Corn and Callus Pads

The corn and callus pads you can buy at the pharmacy are very effective at removing the stubborn buggers. However, if you’ve got aspirin in your medicine cabinet, you’ve already got the active ingredient in corn pads right there! It’s salicylic acid, and you can easily—and cheaply—make your own corn remover. Crush up a few aspirin tablets (a mortar and pestle is perfect for the job), then add a few drops of water and a few drops of lemon juice to make a paste. Apply the mixture to the corns and calluses, cover with a bandage or plastic wrap and elevate your feet, and wait 10–15 minutes before rinsing. You’ll be able to file the corn or callus much more easily, and you’ll have saved yourself a few bucks in the bargain. (Obviously give this treatment a pass if you’re allergic to aspirin.)

Corn Removal

To get rid of corns, you can use vinegar! Just soak a bandage in apple cider vinegar and apply it to the corn for a day or two. You can also try soaking your feet in a shallow pan of warm water with half a cup of vinegar. Either way, finish by rubbing the corn with a clean pumice stone or emery board.

Castor Oil for Calluses

When spring comes around, it’s time to start paying attention to those feet you’ve neglected all winter. To soften calluses and get your feet ready for sandal season, use an old-fashioned stand-by: castor oil. Before turning in for the night, rub castor oil into the problem spots on your feet, then cover with socks. Repeat nightly for a week to reveal soft, smooth skin.

For more all natural remedies from all around the internet, check out our Health and Beauty Tips board on Pinterest. And don’t forget to sign up for our newsletter and follow us on Facebook and Instagram

Image courtesy of Shutterstock.



Sabtu, 26 November 2016

How to Tweeze Your Eyebrows

Use Good Tweezers

To get good brows, you need good tweezers—and the difference between good and bad tweezers is sharpness. Even if you don’t have expensive tweezers, you can keep yours sharp with the help of a nail file or emery board. Just scrape it along the edge of your tweezers to keep them nice and sharp.

Defining Your Brow Line

Defining your brow line with a pencil and a little plucking is a great way to open up your face and make your eyes sparkle. But how do you know where your brows should begin and end? To determine exactly where your brow should begin, imagine a vertical line or hold a make-up pencil straight alongside one nostril. Where the pencil lands by your brow is where it should begin. To work out where the brow should end, imagine a line from the outside of your nostril to the outer corner of your eye, then extend it out to your brow.

Get to Tweezing

There’s no way around it—now you have to pull a bunch of hair out of your head. Use a magnifying mirror to make the job much easier, and try to pull the hair out in the direction that you pulled. If it hurts afterward, apply an ice cube to the area. Make sure to clean it thoroughly to prevent pimples.

Take Care of Unruly Hairs

If you have some eyebrow hairs that are particularly long, you may need to trim them (use the smallest scissors you can find). If you don’t want to trim them, you can also groom them with a toothbrush (yes, really). Spray it with a bit of hair spray and use it as an eyebrow brush. Alternatively, just use a little dab of petroleum jelly—or even lip gloss in a pinch—to run along your eyebrows to keep a sleek, sophisticated line.

For more all-natural remedies from all around the internet, check out our Health and Beauty Tips board on Pinterest. And don't forget to sign up for our newsletter and follow us on Facebook and Instagram!

Photo courtesy of Shutterstock.



Jumat, 25 November 2016

How Are Turkeys and Extraterrestrials Related?

TurkeyMy family and I cooked and consumed an entire turkey this week. We certainly weren’t alone in this endeavor/achievement since turkey is—for better or worse—the big cheese on most Thanksgiving menus. In our case, the turkey was rather delicious. As, of course, was the conversation with my delightful family.

At some point early on in the meal someone began pondering aloud about just how many turkeys must have met the same misfortune as our ill-fated fowl. While sort of a morbid thought to have while eating this particular meal, it’s nonetheless a good question.

Mid-way through the meal the conversation turned to the topic of intelligent life in the universe and whether or not it exists. The joke around the table was that the existence of intelligent life is debatable since we humans do a lot of things that might exclude us from the club. But all joking aside, humans are undoubtedly one example of intelligent life in the universe. The question is: Are there any others?

Both of these are very good and seemingly very unrelated questions. But they actually aren't entirely unrelated. Because it turns out we can use the same type of thinking to answer both. In particular, we can use a little logic and some simple math to make what physicists like to call “back-of-the-envelope” calculations and obtain approximate answers to each. Which is exactly what my family and I did this Thanksgiving. And it’s exactly what we’re going to learn how to do today.

Thanksgiving Day Turkey Math

According to statistics from the National Turkey Federation (which, by the way, is the same group that provides the president of the United States with a turkey to pardon each Thanksgiving—a particularly strange tradition given what everybody else is doing to them), around 212 million turkeys were consumed in the United States in 2015. This is, obviously, a lot of turkeys. But the question that I and my Thanksgiving companions had was how many of those 212 million birds were, shall we say, contributing to dinners around the country on this particular holiday (rather than just on any old day).

Around 212 million turkeys were consumed in the United States in 2015.

This kind of question seems tough to tackle. Of course, you could simply look up the answer (as we’ll see in a few minutes the National Turkey Federation will be happy to provide it to you)—but that’s not much fun. Instead, I and my intrepid family preferred to figure it out on our own by making a good old-fashioned back-of-the-envelope approximation! OK, I’m sure that some members of my family probably would have preferred the “look it up” approach; but they humored the rest of us and at least pretended to be amused by our quest.

Anyway, the best way to reason your way through a problem like this is to break it down into small pieces that can each be tackled easily. It’s important to not get too hung up on being overly precise along the way since high precision isn’t the goal here. In this case, we're just interested in a ballpark estimate—say to within 30%—of the total number of turkeys consumed on Thanksgiving. After all, we don't need to know the number down to the nearest turkey to learn about the magnitude of their contribution to the holiday.


Back-of-the-Envelope Turkey Calculation

There are a number of ways you could approach a problem like this, but here’s the one we chose. To begin with, there are nearly 300 million people in the U.S. If you wanted to be super-precise, you could check the US Census web page as I just did to find out that there are actually nearly 325 million people in the United States. But since we were enjoying our Thanksgiving dinner, we didn’t want to go check out that web page—and we really didn’t need to since we were only after an approximate number anyway—so we used the nice round number of 300 million people for our calculation.

Next we reasoned that we should estimate how many of these 300 million people ate at least part of a whole turkey cooked on Thanksgiving. Obviously we didn’t know this number. But the beauty of the back-of-the-envelope approximation is that we didn’t need to know it … a good estimate would do. As our thinking went, it seems a fairly decent bet that the number of people eating a portion of a whole turkey cooked on Thanksgiving must be somewhere between 30% and 70% of the population. So we simply took the middle of this range and assumed that half of the population—or about 150 million people—consumed at least some part of a whole turkey cooked on Thanksgiving. It’s certainly an uncertain estimate, but it seems completely reasonable … and it’s good enough for our purposes.

Sometimes Ballpark Estimates are Good Enough

At this point, the only thing left for us to do was figure out how many people on average shared each whole turkey. And that’s because the number of whole turkeys cooked on Thanksgiving (what we want to know) is given by the number of people eating portions of a whole turkey (what we just estimated) divided by the average number of people sharing each turkey (what we're working on now). The number of people sharing a turkey is, once again, kind of hard to know with much certainty since some gatherings are large (with twenty or more people) and some are small (with just a few people). But, once again, this really doesn’t matter because we're just after a decent ballpark estimate.

There are likely to be roughly 40 million turkeys consumed on Thanksgiving.

So we made the ballpark assumption that the average gathering on Thanksgiving includes 4 people. The real answer might be closer to 3 or 5, but it’s certainly not 1 or 10 … so we felt pretty good about our assumption. Putting this all together, we concluded  that there are likely to be somewhere around 150,000,000 / 4 or roughly 40 million turkeys consumed on Thanksgiving—definitely not a good day to be a turkey.

Is this estimate close to the actual number? Well, the National Turkey Federation estimates that 46 million turkeys were consumed on Thanksgiving day in 2015. So we did pretty well and perhaps got a little lucky too since there was plenty of uncertainty in the assumptions and estimates we made. But, as noted at the outset, that’s fine here since we just wanted to know the answer to the nearest 10 or so million turkeys. We weren't flying rockets or building skyscrapers, we were counting turkeys. And in that case, close enough is definitely good enough.

Is There Anybody Out There?

Which brings us to aliens. Although turkeys do look a little bit alien, the're definitely of this world. But there is a mathematical connection between the two in the sense that just as we employed a back-of-the-envelope calculation to obtain a deeper understanding of the turkey population (an obviously important problem), astronomers have devised another back-of-the-envelope calculation for obtaining a deeper understanding of the population of technologically advanced alien civilizations in the universe. This calculation is summed up by something called the Drake equation, and the implications behind the mathematics of this equation are fascinating to think about.

But unfortunately, we’re all out of time for today. So we’ll have to return to the mathematical underpinnings of the Drake equation and its implications for the existence of alien life in the universe next time.

Wrap Up

For more fun with math, please check out my book, The Math Dude’s Quick and Dirty Guide to Algebra. Also, remember to become a fan of The Math Dude on Facebook and to follow me on Twitter.

Until next time, this is Jason Marshall with The Math Dude’s Quick and Dirty Tips to Make Math Easier. Thanks for reading, math fans!

Turkey image from Shutterstock.